Concerns arise about need for costly onboard changes

Navy Lt. j.g. Marquette Leveque, 25, found a “professional working environment” as one of the first female officers to train on guided- and ballistic-missile subs. (U.S. Navy photograph)

Life aboard a fast-attack submarine can be rough: Quarters are cramped,  operations are hectic and privacy is just a memory, veteran submariners say.

But as the Navy prepares to assign women to  fast-attack subs, one of its first female submariners is relishing the challenge  of serving in the “dolphin brotherhood.”

Lt. j.g. Marquette Leveque, 25, said  that serving with two other women and 150 men undersea for six months was  basically a “nonevent.”

“The biggest change I think was [the men] just getting used to female voices  around, and I mean that in a very positive way,” said Lt.  Leveque, a native of Fort Collins, Colo.

Still, other big changes — and challenges — lie on the horizon.

Women have been permitted to serve on guided-missile submarines such as the USS Ohio since 2009. Now they will be able to serve on smaller submarines used for surveillance, reconnaissance and intelligence-gathering. (U.S. Navy photograph)

The Navy, which decided to allow women to serve  on guided- and ballistic-missile submarines in 2009, announced in January that  female sailors would be permitted to deploy on fast-attack submarines, as the Pentagon lifted its ban on women in direct ground  combat jobs.

Lt. Leveque is one of the first 24  female officers selected to train on guided- and ballistic-missile submarines,  which generally avoid contact with other ships and are tasked with conducting  nuclear counterattacks.

Fast-attack subs carry out intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance  missions; insert special operations forces into sensitive areas; lay mines; and  attack enemy ships and ground targets. From 350 feet to 370 feet long and 33  feet to 40 feet wide, they are about 200 feet shorter and 10 feet narrower than  their missile-laden cousins and carry crews of 140 — about 20 fewer personnel  than guided- and ballistic-missile subs.

‘No room to expand’

The Navy has four guided-missile and 14  ballistic-missile subs, and 54 fast-attack subs.

One reason for the Navy’s ban was the “prohibitive” cost of retrofitting sleeping and bathroom facilities on such  small vessels. No retrofitting was needed for guided- and ballistic-missile  subs, which provide staterooms that female officers share and bathrooms with  changeable signs indicating which sex is inside. Enlisted female sailors, whose  bunks provide little privacy, eventually will be assigned to fast-attack subs,  officials say.

Facilities on fast-attack subs are less spacious, and there is “virtually no  room to expand anything on these tightly packed boats,” said retired Rear Adm. Edward S. “Skip” McGinley II,  who has served on the smaller, stealthier vessels. He said part of the subs’ bunk spaces probably would have to be cordoned off to accommodate enlisted  women.

“That involves not just moving around [walls] and doors in quarters which are  already extremely cramped, but also doing some significant plumbing  rearrangements to establish separate sanitary facilities in a ship that is  already a plumbing nightmare,” Adm. McGinley said. “This, in my humble  opinion, may be the most expensive and difficult engineering problem to solve in  this project.”

Rob Fisher, another veteran submariner, said: “Separate areas will be very  difficult to do. Segregation of the area could be arranged, but travel-through  areas for the opposite sex will be necessary.

“I believe that women can be great submariners, but the older subs were not  built with privacy in mind.”

During a recent news conference, a senior Navy  official speaking on background said that assigning women to fast-attack subs  would incur costs, but he did not elaborate.

“Lots of plans are being discussed and [it’s] too early to tell,” said Cmdr.  Monica Rousselow, a Navy spokeswoman.

Fraternization

Other concerns include fraternization and pregnancy, especially when a  submarine might be unable to surface.

“The fraternization potential, in my opinion, would be very high.  The  fast-attack lifestyle is extremely cramped and would really need mature  personnel and leadership to enable female members to serve successfully,” former  submariner Brian Penders said, adding that fraternization on a fast-attack  vessel probably would not exceed that on larger subs or surface ships.

The Navy said it does not track data on  male-female fraternization.

According to a January report in Stars and Stripes, a recent Navy  survey found that nearly three-quarters of sailor pregnancies are unplanned. Of  those, only 31 percent were using birth control at the time of conception.

Traces of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and other gases in a submarine  could harm a developing child in the earliest weeks of pregnancy, when a sailor  might not know she is pregnant, said Elaine Donnelly, president of the Center  for Military Readiness and a staunch critic of women in combat roles.

Dr. Hugh Scott, a retired Navy  rear admiral, said the levels of carbon dioxide in a submerged submarine are 10  times higher that those in the open atmosphere and could damage the brain of a  fetus. He said he has called for Navy studies on the  impact of prolonged exposure on women’s fertility, bone health and developing  fetuses, but none has been conducted. Dr.  Scott served in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations from 1992 to  1994 as director of the Medical Resources and Plans and Policy divisions.

Lt. Leveque, who is married to a  fellow submariner, said fraternization will not be a problem.

“Honestly, it’s a very professional working environment, and that doesn’t  change when we go [from port] to sea at all,” said Lt.  Leveque, one of the first three women to earn the submarine warfare officer “dolphins” pin, after nearly two years of training and a deployment aboard the  ballistic-missile sub USS Wyoming, based in Kings Bay, Ga.

She is backed by at least two other female Navy  pioneers — retired Capt. Lory Manning, who was one of the first women to serve  on a surface ship, and Capt. Joellen Oslund, one of the first six women accepted  into Navy flight school in 1972 and the Navy’s  first female helicopter pilot.

“I think [the military] threw up a lot of artificial barriers that have  finally come down, and I expect the women will do fine in submarines,” Capt.  Oslund said.

“It’s where every submariner wants to go,” Capt. Manning said. “The other  [submarines] just sort of sit out there and wait for the balloon to go up.  [A  fast-attack sub is] where every submarine admiral has to spend time.”

Source – Washinigton Post